Cellular Based M Business Plan Template

Cellular Based M Business Plan Template & Services
Are you interested in starting your own cellular based m Business?
Industry-Specific Business Plan Template
Plug-and-play structure tailored to your industry. Ideal if you want to write it yourself with expert guidance.
Market Research & Content for Business Plans
We handle the research and narrative so your plan sounds credible, specific, and investor-ready.
Bespoke Business Plan
Full end-to-end business plan written by our team. Structured to support fundraising, SEIS/EIS applications, grants, and lender-ready submissions for banks and SBA-style loans.
Introduction
Global Market Size
6. This remarkable growth presents substantial opportunities for entrepreneurs looking to establish cellular-based ventures. Several factors contribute to the expanding market size. First, the rising number of mobile users, which surpassed 5.5 billion globally, indicates a growing consumer base that is increasingly reliant on mobile applications for daily activities, from shopping and banking to social networking and entertainment. This trend is particularly pronounced in emerging markets, where smartphone adoption is accelerating, and mobile internet access is becoming more widespread. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation, prompting businesses across various sectors to embrace mobile solutions to reach their customers effectively. This shift has led to a surge in demand for mobile-based services and applications, creating a fertile ground for new cellular-based businesses. In addition to consumer apps, there is a growing market for B2B mobile solutions, including enterprise applications, mobile payment systems, and customer relationship management tools designed for mobile use. Companies are increasingly recognizing the importance of mobile capabilities to improve operational efficiency and enhance customer engagement. Overall, the expansive growth of the cellular-based mobile business market presents a wealth of opportunities for new entrants. Entrepreneurs can capitalize on the diverse needs of consumers and businesses alike by developing innovative mobile solutions that cater to an ever-evolving digital landscape. As you embark on your journey to start a cellular-based mobile business, understanding the dynamics of this lucrative market will be crucial to your success.
Target Market
1. Technology Savvy Consumers: This group includes younger individuals, typically aged 18-34, who are comfortable with technology and frequently use mobile devices for various functions, such as shopping, social networking, and entertainment. They are more likely to adopt new mobile applications and services, making them an ideal target for innovative m-business solutions.
2. Professionals on the Go: Busy professionals who rely on their mobile devices for work-related tasks are another important segment. This demographic values efficiency and convenience, often seeking mobile applications that can help them manage their schedules, communicate with colleagues, or access important documents while away from their desks.
3. Small Business Owners: Entrepreneurs and small business owners increasingly use mobile solutions to manage their operations, connect with customers, and streamline processes. Targeting this group with mobile services tailored to their specific needs—such as payment processing, inventory management, or customer relationship management—can be highly effective.
4. Health and Fitness Enthusiasts: The rise of health and fitness apps has created a niche market focused on individuals who prioritize wellness. This segment is interested in mobile solutions that offer workout tracking, nutrition guidance, or health monitoring, presenting opportunities for m-businesses in the health sector.
5. E-commerce Shoppers: With the growth of mobile shopping, targeting consumers who prefer purchasing products through their smartphones is essential. This market includes a diverse range of individuals, from bargain hunters to luxury shoppers, all seeking a seamless and user-friendly mobile shopping experience.
6. Travelers: Mobile services that cater to travelers can tap into a lucrative market. This includes individuals looking for travel booking apps, navigation tools, and local experience guides. They often seek convenience and information readily available at their fingertips during their trips.
7. Parents and Families: Parents, particularly those with young children, often use mobile apps for various purposes, including shopping, education, and family management. Targeting this demographic with relevant mobile solutions can create a loyal customer base. By understanding these distinct segments and their unique needs, businesses can tailor their marketing strategies and product offerings to effectively reach and engage their target audience. Conducting thorough market research, utilizing data analytics, and staying attuned to emerging trends will further refine the target market and enhance the potential for success in the mobile business landscape.
Business Model
1. Freemium Model: This model allows users to access a basic version of your app or service for free, while offering premium features or functionalities at a cost. This can attract a large user base quickly, with the hope that a percentage will convert to paying customers. It’s particularly effective for mobile applications in sectors like gaming, productivity, or digital content.
2. Subscription Model: In this model, users pay a recurring fee (weekly, monthly, or annually) for continued access to your services. This approach works well for streaming services, educational platforms, and fitness apps, creating a steady revenue stream. Offering tiered subscription levels can cater to different user needs and budgets.
3. Advertising Model: By providing free access to your app or service, you can monetize through advertisements. This model relies on attracting a large user base to generate significant ad revenue. It’s essential to balance ad placement to ensure it doesn’t detract from user experience.
4. In-App Purchases: This model is common in mobile games and applications, allowing users to enhance their experience by purchasing virtual goods or additional content within the app. It capitalizes on user engagement and creates opportunities for ongoing revenue generation.
5. E-commerce Integration: If your mobile business involves selling products or services, integrating e-commerce functionality is vital. This can include a marketplace model, where you sell directly to consumers, or a platform model that connects buyers and sellers while taking a commission on sales.
6. Data Monetization: Leveraging user data to gain insights and sell anonymized data or analytics to third parties can be a lucrative model. However, it’s crucial to prioritize user privacy and comply with regulations such as GDPR or CCPA.
7. Partnership and Affiliate Marketing: Collaborating with other businesses can enhance your offering while providing an additional revenue stream. By promoting partner products or services within your app, you can earn commissions on sales generated through your referrals.
8. On-Demand Services: This model connects users with services or products in real-time, such as ride-sharing, food delivery, or home services. It requires a robust logistics framework but can be highly profitable due to the immediacy of user demand.
9. Crowdfunding and Donations: For startups or projects with a strong community focus, raising funds through crowdfunding platforms can be an alternative to traditional financing. Providing value to your supporters can encourage ongoing donations or contributions. In conclusion, the choice of business model will depend on your target market, the nature of your product or service, and the competitive landscape. Each model has its advantages and challenges, so it's essential to conduct thorough research and perhaps even test multiple approaches to find the best fit for your cellular-based mobile business.
Competitive Landscape
Legal and Regulatory Requirements
1. Business Structure and Registration: Before starting your mobile business, choose a suitable legal structure—such as a sole proprietorship, partnership, LLC, or corporation. Each structure has different implications for liability, taxes, and regulatory obligations. Once you decide, register your business with the appropriate governmental authorities to obtain a business license and any necessary permits.
2. Intellectual Property Protection: Intellectual property (IP) is vital for mobile businesses, especially if you are developing a unique app or service. Consider registering trademarks for your business name and logo and pursuing patents for any innovative technology or processes. Copyright protections may also apply to your software and digital content.
3. Consumer Protection Laws: Compliance with consumer protection laws is essential. These laws are designed to safeguard consumers from unfair business practices. Ensure your business adheres to regulations concerning advertising, pricing, product warranties, and customer data protection. Familiarize yourself with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations and any state-specific laws that may apply.
4. Data Privacy and Security Regulations: With the increasing emphasis on data privacy, it is crucial to comply with regulations governing the collection, storage, and use of personal data. Depending on your target market, this may include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other state-specific data protection laws. Implement robust privacy policies and data security measures to protect user information and avoid potential legal repercussions.
5. Telecommunications Regulations: If your mobile business involves telecommunications services, you may need to comply with specific regulations set by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or equivalent state agencies. This may include licensing requirements, adherence to service quality standards, and obligations related to accessibility and consumer protection.
6. App Store Guidelines: If you plan to distribute a mobile application, familiarize yourself with the guidelines set by app stores such as Apple’s App Store and Google Play. Each platform has specific rules regarding content, functionality, privacy, and user experience that must be followed to avoid app rejection or removal.
7. Advertising and Marketing Compliance: Ensure your marketing practices comply with relevant advertising laws and regulations, including truth-in-advertising standards. This includes respecting opt-in/opt-out preferences for marketing communications and adhering to the CAN-SPAM Act for email marketing.
8. Employment Laws: If you plan to hire employees or contractors, be aware of employment laws that govern wages, benefits, workplace safety, and anti-discrimination policies. Ensure compliance with both federal and state employment regulations to avoid legal disputes.
9. Financial Regulations: If your mobile business involves financial transactions, such as in-app purchases or subscription services, you may need to comply with financial regulations, including anti-money laundering (AML) laws and payment processing requirements.
10. Tax Obligations: Understand your tax obligations at the local, state, and federal levels. This includes sales tax for digital products and services, income tax, and any applicable business taxes. Consider consulting with a tax professional to ensure compliance and optimize your tax strategy. By thoroughly understanding and addressing these legal and regulatory requirements, you can establish a solid foundation for your cellular-based mobile business, minimizing risks and fostering long-term success.
Financing Options
1. Personal Savings: Utilizing personal savings is one of the most straightforward ways to finance your mobile business. This option allows you to maintain complete control without incurring debt or giving up equity. However, it’s essential to consider the risks involved and ensure you have a financial cushion for personal expenses.
2. Friends and Family: If you have a solid business plan and a supportive network, seeking financial assistance from friends and family can be an effective strategy. This approach may come with more flexible repayment terms, but it’s important to keep the business relationship professional to avoid potential conflicts.
3. Small Business Loans: Traditional banks and credit unions offer various small business loans. These typically require a solid business plan, good credit history, and collateral. Explore Small Business Administration (SBA) loans, which often have favorable terms for new enterprises.
4. Grants and Competitions: Research potential grants available for mobile technology startups or small businesses in your area. Various organizations offer grants aimed at fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Additionally, consider entering business competitions that provide cash prizes or funding opportunities.
5. Angel Investors: Angel investors are individuals who provide capital to startups in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity. They often bring valuable expertise and networks, which can be beneficial in the early stages of your business. Prepare a compelling pitch to attract their interest.
6. Venture Capital: If your mobile business has high growth potential, consider seeking venture capital. Venture capitalists invest in startups in exchange for equity and are typically looking for businesses that can scale rapidly. This option usually requires a strong business model and a clear exit strategy.
7. Crowdfunding: Platforms like Kickstarter, Indiegogo, and GoFundMe allow you to raise funds from a large number of people, often in exchange for early access to your product or other perks. This method not only helps with financing but also serves as a marketing tool to gauge interest in your mobile business concept.
8. Bootstrapping: Many entrepreneurs choose to bootstrap their businesses, funding operations through revenue generated from initial sales. This approach requires careful management of expenses and a focus on generating cash flow quickly but allows for greater control over the business.
9. Microfinance Institutions: If you are targeting underserved markets or need smaller loans, microfinance institutions can be a viable option. These organizations provide financial services to entrepreneurs who may not qualify for traditional banking products. By exploring these financing options, you can find the right mix of funding to launch and grow your cellular-based mobile business effectively. Each option has its benefits and drawbacks, so it's imperative to assess your business needs, financial situation, and long-term goals before making a decision.
Market Research & Content for Business Plans
If you’re raising capital or applying for loans, the research and narrative matter more than the template.
Bespoke Business Plan
We handle the full plan end-to-end and structure it for investors, SEIS/EIS, grants, and bank or SBA-style loan submissions.
Industry-Specific Business Plan Template
Prefer to write it yourself? Use the template to keep everything structured and complete.
Marketing and Sales Strategies
1. Identify Your Target Audience: Conduct thorough market research to understand who your potential customers are. Consider demographics such as age, location, interests, and mobile usage patterns. This information will help tailor your marketing messages and sales tactics.
2. Leverage Social Media: Utilize platforms like Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok to reach your audience. Create engaging content that showcases your product or service, such as tutorials, user-generated content, and promotions. Social media ads can also help target specific demographics, increasing visibility and engagement.
3. Optimize for Mobile: Since your business is cellular-based, ensure that all marketing materials, including your website and advertisements, are mobile-friendly. A seamless mobile experience can enhance user satisfaction and encourage conversions.
4. Content Marketing: Develop a content marketing strategy that includes blogs, videos, and infographics related to your industry. This not only establishes your expertise but also drives organic traffic to your site. Consider creating informative content that addresses common problems your target audience faces.
5. Influencer Partnerships: Collaborate with influencers who align with your brand. Influencers can help you reach a broader audience and lend credibility to your business. Look for those who have a significant following in your niche and can authentically promote your offerings.
6. Email Marketing: Build an email list from the outset. Use it to share news, promotions, and valuable content with your audience. Personalizing your emails can significantly improve engagement and drive sales.
7. Referral Programs: Encourage satisfied customers to refer friends and family by offering incentives such as discounts or freebies. This word-of-mouth marketing can be incredibly effective, especially in the mobile space.
8. Utilize App Store Optimization (ASO): If your business includes a mobile app, optimize its listing in app stores to improve visibility. Use relevant keywords, compelling descriptions, and attractive visuals to attract downloads.
9. Customer Feedback and Reviews: Actively seek customer feedback and display positive reviews prominently. This builds trust and can influence potential customers' purchasing decisions. Responding to feedback, both positive and negative, shows that you value your customers’ opinions.
10. Data-Driven Decisions: Use analytics tools to track the performance of your marketing campaigns. Understanding which strategies yield the best results allows you to refine your approach and allocate resources more effectively. By employing a combination of these strategies, you can effectively market your cellular-based mobile business, attract customers, and drive sales growth. Consistency and adaptability in your approach will be key to long-term success.
Operations and Logistics
Human Resources & Management
1. Talent Acquisition: Start by identifying the skills and expertise needed for your mobile business. You may require a mix of technical professionals, such as app developers and UX/UI designers, alongside marketing specialists and customer service representatives. Develop clear job descriptions and leverage various recruitment channels, including online job boards, social media, and industry networks, to attract the right candidates.
2. Training and Development: Once you have assembled a team, invest in their ongoing training and professional development. This could involve workshops, online courses, or mentorship programs. Keeping your team updated on the latest mobile technologies and industry trends is crucial for maintaining a competitive edge.
3. Company Culture: Cultivating a positive company culture is essential for employee satisfaction and retention. Encourage open communication, collaboration, and innovation within your team. Create an inclusive environment where diverse ideas are welcomed, and employees feel valued for their contributions.
4. Performance Management: Establish clear performance metrics and regular evaluation processes to assess employee contributions effectively. Implement a feedback loop that allows for constructive criticism and recognition of achievements. This not only motivates staff but also aligns their goals with the overall objectives of the business.
5. Work-Life Balance: Given the demanding nature of the tech industry, promoting a healthy work-life balance is vital. Consider flexible working hours, remote work options, and wellness initiatives to support your team's well-being. This can lead to higher productivity and lower turnover rates.
6. Legal Compliance: Ensure that your business complies with labor laws and regulations relevant to your location and industry. This includes understanding employment contracts, workplace safety, and employee rights. Consulting with a legal expert can help you navigate these complexities and avoid potential pitfalls.
7. Employee Engagement: Foster a sense of belonging among your employees by involving them in decision-making processes and seeking their input on business strategies. Regular team-building activities and social events can also enhance camaraderie and strengthen team dynamics. By focusing on these human resources and management strategies, you can create a strong foundation for your cellular-based mobile business, enabling it to thrive in a competitive landscape.
Conclusion
Why write a business plan?
Business Plans can help to articulate and flesh out the business’s goals and objectives. This can be beneficial not only for the business owner, but also for potential investors or partners
Business Plans can serve as a roadmap for the business, helping to keep it on track and on target. This is especially important for businesses that are growing and evolving, as it can be easy to get sidetracked without a clear plan in place.
Business plans can be a valuable tool for communicating the business’s vision to employees, customers, and other key stakeholders.
Business plans are one of the most affordable and straightforward ways of ensuring your business is successful.
Business plans allow you to understand your competition better to critically analyze your unique business proposition and differentiate yourself from the mark
et.Business Plans allow you to better understand your customer. Conducting a customer analysis is essential to create better products and services and market more effectively.
Business Plans allow you to determine the financial needs of the business leading to a better understanding of how much capital is needed to start the business and how much fundraising is needed.
Business Plans allow you to put your business model in words and analyze it further to improve revenues or fill the holes in your strategy.
Business plans allow you to attract investors and partners into the business as they can read an explanation about the business.
Business plans allow you to position your brand by understanding your company’s role in the marketplace.
Business Plans allow you to uncover new opportunities by undergoing the process of brainstorming while drafting your business plan which allows you to see your business in a new light. This allows you to come up with new ideas for products/services, business and marketing strategies.
Business Plans allow you to access the growth and success of your business by comparing actual operational results versus the forecasts and assumptions in your business plan. This allows you to update your business plan to a business growth plan and ensure the long-term success and survival of your business.
Business plan content
Company Overview
Industry Analysis
Consumer Analysis
Competitor Analysis & Advantages
Marketing Strategies & Plan
Plan of Action
Management Team
The financial forecast template is an extensive Microsoft Excel sheet with Sheets on Required Start-up Capital, Salary & Wage Plans, 5-year Income Statement, 5-year Cash-Flow Statement, 5-Year Balance Sheet, 5-Year Financial Highlights and other accounting statements that would cost in excess of £1000 if obtained by an accountant.
The financial forecast has been excluded from the business plan template. If you’d like to receive the financial forecast template for your start-up, please contact us at info@avvale.co.uk . Our consultants will be happy to discuss your business plan and provide you with the financial forecast template to accompany your business plan.
Instructions for the business plan template
Ongoing business planning
Industry-Specific Business Plan Template
Great if you want a structured plan today and you’ll write the first draft yourself.
Market Research & Content for Business Plans
Perfect if you need numbers, competitors, and a narrative suitable for investors or lenders.
Bespoke Business Plan
The highest-quality option if you want a fully written plan structured for investors, SEIS/EIS, grants, and bank or SBA-style loan reviews.
Bespoke business plan services
Our ExpertiseAvvale Consulting has extensive experience working with companies in many sectors including the cellular based m industry. You can avail a free 30-minute business consultation to ask any questions you have about starting your cellular based m business. We would also be happy to create a bespoke cellular based m business plan for your cellular based m business including a 5-year financial forecast to ensure the success of your cellular based m business and raise capital from investors to start your cellular based m business. This will include high-value consulting hours with our consultants and multiple value-added products such as investor lists and Angel Investor introductions.
About Us
Avvale Consulting is a leading startup business consulting firm based in London, United Kingdom. Our consultants have years of experience working with startups and have worked with over 300 startups from all around the world. Our team has thousands of business plans, pitch decks and other investment documents for startups leading to over $100 Million raised from various sources. Our business plan templates are the combination of years of startup fundraising and operational experience and can be easily completed by a business owner regardless of their business stage or expertise. So, whether you are a budding entrepreneur or a veteran businessman, download our business plan template and get started on your business growth journey today.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a business plan for a/an cellular based m business?
How to customize the business plan template for a cellular based m business?
1. Open the template: Download the business plan template and open it in a compatible software program like Microsoft Word or Google Docs.
2. Update the cover page: Replace the generic information on the cover page with your cellular based m business name, logo, and contact details.
3. Executive summary: Rewrite the executive summary to provide a concise overview of your cellular based m business, including your mission statement, target market, unique selling proposition, and financial projections.
4. Company description: Modify the company description section to include specific details about your cellular based m , such as its location, size, facilities, and amenities.
5. Market analysis: Conduct thorough market research and update the market analysis section with relevant data about your target market, including demographics, competition, and industry trends.
6. Products and services: Customize this section to outline the specific attractions, rides, and services your cellular based m will offer. Include details about pricing, operating hours, and any additional revenue streams such as food and beverage sales or merchandise.
7. Marketing and sales strategies: Develop a marketing and sales plan tailored to your cellular based m business. Outline your strategies for attracting customers, such as digital marketing, advertising, partnerships, and promotions.
8. Organizational structure: Describe the organizational structure of your cellular based m , including key personnel, management roles, and staffing requirements. Include information about the qualifications and experience of your management team.
9. Financial projections: Update the
What financial information should be included in a cellular based m business plan?
1. Start-up Costs: This section should outline all the expenses required to launch the cellular based m , including land acquisition, construction or renovation costs, purchasing equipment and supplies, obtaining necessary permits and licenses, marketing and advertising expenses, and any other associated costs.
2. Revenue Projections: This part of the business plan should provide an estimation of the expected revenue sources, such as ticket sales, food and beverage sales, merchandise sales, rental fees for cabanas or party areas, and any additional services offered. It should also include information on the pricing strategy and the expected number of visitors.
3. Operating Expenses: This section should outline the ongoing expenses required to operate the cellular based m , including employee salaries and benefits, utilities, maintenance and repairs, insurance, marketing and advertising costs, and any other overhead expenses. It is important to provide realistic estimates based on industry standards and market research.
4. Cash Flow Projections: This part of the business plan should include a detailed projection of the cash flow for the cellular based m . It should provide a monthly breakdown of the expected income and expenses, allowing for an assessment of the business's ability to generate positive cash flow and meet financial obligations.
5. Break-Even Analysis: This analysis helps determine the point at which the cellular based m will start generating profit. It should include calculations that consider the fixed and variable costs, as well as the expected revenue per visitor or per season. This information is
Are there industry-specific considerations in the cellular based m business plan template?
How to conduct market research for a cellular based m business plan?
1. Identify your target market: Determine the demographic profile of your ideal customers, such as age group, income level, and location. Consider factors like families with children, tourists, or locals.
2. Competitor analysis: Research existing cellular based m in your area or those similar to your concept. Analyze their offerings, pricing, target market, and customer reviews. This will help you understand the competition and identify opportunities to differentiate your cellular based m .
3. Customer surveys: Conduct surveys or interviews with potential customers to gather insights on their preferences, expectations, and willingness to pay. Ask questions about their cellular based m experiences, preferred amenities, ticket prices, and any additional services they would like.
4. Site analysis: Evaluate potential locations for your cellular based m . Assess factors like accessibility, proximity to residential areas, parking availability, and the level of competition nearby. Consider the space required for various attractions, pools, and facilities.
5. Industry trends and forecasts: Stay updated with the latest cellular based m industry trends, market forecasts, and industry reports. This will help you understand the demand for cellular based m , emerging customer preferences, and potential opportunities or challenges in the market.
6. Financial analysis: Analyze the financial performance of existing cellular based m to understand revenue streams, operating costs, and profitability. This will aid in estimating your own financial projections and understanding the feasibility of your cellular based m business.
7. Government regulations: Research local
What are the common challenges when creating a business plan for a cellular based m business?
1. Market Analysis: Conducting thorough market research to understand the target audience, competition, and industry trends can be time-consuming and challenging. Gathering accurate data and analyzing it effectively is crucial for a successful business plan.
2. Financial Projections: Developing realistic financial projections for a cellular based m business can be complex. Estimating revenue streams, operational costs, and capital requirements while considering seasonality and other factors specific to the cellular based m industry can be a challenge.
3. Seasonality: cellular based m are often affected by seasonal fluctuations, with peak business during warmer months. Addressing this seasonality factor and developing strategies to sustain the business during off-peak seasons can be challenging.
4. Operational Planning: Designing the park layout, selecting appropriate rides and attractions, and ensuring optimal flow and safety measures require careful planning. Balancing the needs of different customer segments, such as families, thrill-seekers, and young children, can be challenging.
5. Permits and Regulations: Understanding and complying with local regulations, permits, and safety standards can be a complex process. Researching and ensuring compliance with zoning requirements, health and safety regulations, water quality standards, and licensing can present challenges.
6. Marketing and Promotion: Effectively marketing and promoting a cellular based m business is crucial for attracting customers. Developing a comprehensive marketing strategy, including online and offline channels, targeting
How often should I update my cellular based m business plan?
Can I use the business plan template for seeking funding for a cellular based m business?
What legal considerations are there in a cellular based m business plan?
1. Licensing and permits: You will need to obtain the necessary licenses and permits to operate a cellular based m, which may vary depending on the location and local regulations. This may include permits for construction, health and safety, water quality, food service, alcohol sales, and more. It is important to research and comply with all applicable laws and regulations.
2. Liability and insurance: Operating a cellular based m comes with inherent risks, and it is crucial to have proper liability insurance coverage to protect your business in case of accidents or injuries. Consult with an insurance professional to ensure you have adequate coverage and understand your legal responsibilities.
3. Employment and labor laws: When hiring employees, you must comply with employment and labor laws. This includes proper classification of workers (such as employees versus independent contractors), compliance with minimum wage and overtime laws, providing a safe and non-discriminatory work environment, and more.
4. Intellectual property: Protecting your cellular based m's brand, logo, name, and any unique design elements is important. Consider trademarking your brand and logo, and ensure that your business plan does not infringe upon any existing trademarks, copyrights, or patents.
5. Environmental regulations: cellular based m involve the use of large amounts of water and often have complex filtration and treatment systems. Compliance with environmental regulations regarding water usage, chemical handling, waste disposal, and energy efficiency is